Referências

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^2. Isin, Engin F., and Bryan S. Turner. “Investigating Citizenship: An Agenda for Citizenship Studies.” Citizenship Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1997, pp. 5-17, doi: 10.1080/13621029708420693.

^3. Mudde, Cas. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition, vol. 39, no. 4, 2004, pp. 541-563, doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x.

^4. Dahl, Robert A. “What Political Institutions Does Large-Scale Democracy Require?” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 113, no. 4, 1998, pp. 563-576, doi: 10.2307/2658070.

^5. https://www.compete2020.gov.pt/admin/images/Standard_Eurobarometer_88_UE_dez-2017.pdf

^6. Marshall, T.H. “Citizenship and Social Class.” Cambridge University Press, 1950.

^7. Arendt, Hannah. “The Origins of Totalitarianism.” Harcourt Brace, 1951.

^8. Bauböck, Rainer. “Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights in International Migration.” Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994.

⁹. HOWE, R. B., & COVELL, K. (2009). Engaging Children in Citizenship Education: A Children’s Rights Perspective. The Journal of Educational Thought (JET) / Revue de La Pensée Éducative, 43(1), 21–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23765511 | https://helpfulprofessor.com/citizenship-education/

¹⁰. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000372425

¹¹. World Bank, Literacy Rate, Adult Total for the European Union [SEADTLITRZSEUU], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SEADTLITRZSEUU, April 30, 2023.

^12. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Archive:Quality_of_life_
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^13. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220330-1

^14. Crick, B. (2000). Citizenship education: A national curriculum handbook. Continuum.

^15. Mudde, C. (2018). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. |

Albertazzi, D., & McDonnell, D. (Eds.). (2015). Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy. Palgrave Macmillan.

¹⁶. Tambakaki, P. (2022). Citizenship in the age of populism. Citizenship Studies, 26(4-5), 689-694.